Unraveling the rapid CO2 mineralization experiment using the Paraná flood basalts of South America.

CO2 capture and storage in geological reservoirs have the potential to significantly mitigate the effects of anthropogenic gas emissions on global climate. Here, we report the results of the first laboratory experiments of CO2 injection in continental flood basalts of South America. The results show that the analyzed basalts have a mineral assemblage, texture and composition that efficiently allows a fast carbonate precipitation that starts 72 h after injection. Based on the availability of calcium, chemical monitoring indicates an estimated CO2 storage of ~ 75%. The carbonate precipitation led to the precipitation of aragonite (75.9%), dolomite (19.6%), and calcite (4.6%).

Brazilian Psychiatric Association Consensus on the physical structure and ideal team for psychiatric emergencies services.

INTRODUCTION: An integral part of Brazil's public health system, the psychiatric emergency service (PES) has been instrumental in improving qualified support for crisis situations of mental disorders, equitable, universally accessible, and humanized. The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review and consensus about the physical area and facilities, and ideal team qualified for psychiatric emergencies services on both Brazilian settings. METHODS: The authors conducted a literature search using electronic databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Scielo, the Cochrane Database, and documents from the WHO, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and others deemed relevant by experts. A total of 6839 manuscripts were found, but only 46 were selected. The analysis of article content summarizes consensus statements using the Delphi method and a series of interactive versions to provide a final report. RESULTS: Changes to PES are evaluated considering various experiences and models. The authors highlighted that The Emergency Care Network (ECN) must be coordinated with qualified management, effective implementation of integration of all health equipment's and units. PES must have adequate infrastructure; qualified staff, including a psychiatrist; sufficient consultation and observational spaces; tools and resources for differential diagnosis; training for all staff members; and communication with the health care network to facilitate referrals following patient discharge are all necessary. CONCLUSION: These standardized models need to be available to public health managers so that they can guide the installation of new services and adjust the existing ones, always looking for improvement. The authors propose requirements for PES as a model to be passed over.

A proof-of-concept study: Determining the geographical origin of Brazilwood, (Paubrasilia echinata) with the use of strontium isotopic fingerprinting.

The illicit exploitation of Brazilwood (Paubrasilia echinata) presents a significant challenge in Brazil, given its substantial value in the global production of bows for musical instruments. To address timber provenance, the use of strontium (Sr) isotope ratios as indicators of bedrock signatures has emerged as a robust tool in forensic investigations. In this study, we critically evaluate the efficacy of this approach using Sr isotope data derived from bulk soils and trees collected at two distinct sites in Brazil. Despite the statistically indistinguishable 87Sr/86Sr ratios observed in the investigated tree species, the compiled 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of Brazilwood from Brazilwood National Park (PNPB) and the ES Group provide valuable insights into the potential application of this method for tracing forensic timber seizures. This pilot study also addresses crucial sampling considerations. While the regional signatures exhibit clear distinctions, the limited sample sizes underscore the necessity for supplementary methods to confidently attribute timber to a specific source forest. In isolation, this method proves most effective in refuting presumed timber provenances rather than definitively confirming them. The discussion delves into the nuances of the Sr isotope data, emphasizing the importance of increasing the number of samples and exploring complementary techniques for a more comprehensive and reliable assessment of timber origin.

Surgical waiting lists and queue management in a Brazilian tertiary public hospital.

BACKGROUND: Centralized management of queues helps to reduce the surgical waiting time in the publicly funded healthcare system, but this is not a reality in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (BUHS). We describe the implementation of the "Patients with Surgical Indication" (PSI) in a Brazilian public tertiary hospital, the impact on waiting time, and its use in rationing oncological surgeries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of elective surgical requests (2016-2022) in a Brazilian general, public, tertiary university hospital. We recovered information regarding the inflows (indications), outflows and their reasons, the number of patients, and waiting time in queue. RESULTS: We enrolled 82,844 indications in the PSI (2016-2022). The waiting time (median and interquartile range) in days decreased from 98(48;168) in 2016 to 14(3;152) in 2022 (p < 0.01). The same occurred with the backlog that ranged from 6,884 in 2016 to 844 in 2022 (p < 001). During the Pandemic, there was a reduction in the number of non-oncological surgeries per month (95% confidence interval) of -10.9(-18.0;-3.8) during Phase I (January 2019-March 2020), maintenance in Phase II (April 2020-August 2021) 0.1(-10.0;10.4) and increment in Phase III (September 2021-December 2022) of 23.0(15.3;30.8). In the oncological conditions, these numbers were 0.6(-2.1;3.3) for Phase I, an increase of 3.2(0.7;5.6) in Phase II and 3.9(1,4;6,4) in Phase III. CONCLUSION: Implementing a centralized list of surgical indications and developing queue management principles proved feasible, with effective rationing. It unprecedentedly demonstrated the decrease in the median waiting time in Brazil.

RET 634 germline/gonadal mosaicism generating a second pathogenic amino acid change in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

Genetic testing for germline RET pathogenic variants, which cause the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) syndrome, has become crucial in managing patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Classically, RET heterozygous missense pathogenic variants are transmitted in a Mendelian autosomal dominant pattern, of which germline/gonadal mosaicism has never been reported. We report the novel occurrence of a MEN2A patient's family in which the siblings inherited three different RET 634 genotypes: wild type (p.Cys634), p.Cys634Gly or p.Cys634Arg heterozygous pathogenic variants. We hypothesized that germline/gonadal mosaicism, derived from an inherited + early somatic mutation in the mother or a double de novo mutation during maternal embryogenesis, led to this rare event in the RET gene. Exome analysis of the proband's deceased mother's paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue confirmed the three nucleotides in the same 634 codon position. For the first time, we describe germline/gonadal mosaicism in RET, generating a second pathogenic amino acid change in the same codon causing MEN2A. Our finding shows that RET parental mosaicism, confirmed by somatic exome sequencing, might explain discrepant genotype cases in siblings with inherited cancers.

[How studies on curare contributed to the development of neurophysiological research in Brazil]. / Importance des études transnationales sur le curare dans le développement de la recherche en neurophysiologie au Brésil.

Curare is a poison obtained from different species of plants in South America, which was used in arrows by the natives. Its lethal paralyzing potential and mechanism of action began to be explored in the 19th century. In this article, we highlight the research on this poison and the fruitful exchanges between the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II and the researchers João Baptista de Lacerda, Louis Couty and Alfred Vulpian who contributed to the development of experimental neurophysiology in Brazil. Vulpian found that curare does not affect the nerve itself, but acts between the nerves and the muscle, through a "ligand substance" - this Vulpian's pioneering concept is often wrongly attributed to Claude Bernard. These prestigious scientists contributed to the transnational circulation of knowledge that later yielded in the preparation of curare purified extract used for convulsive therapy and anesthesia.

Title: Importance des études transnationales sur le curare dans le développement de la recherche en neurophysiologie au Brésil. Abstract: Le curare, un poison obtenu à partir de différentes espèces de plantes en Amérique du Sud, était utilisé sur les flèches par les autochtones. Son potentiel paralysant mortel et son mécanisme d'action ont commencé à être explorés par les chercheurs au XIXe siècle. Dans cet article, nous rappelons l'historique des recherches sur ce poison et les échanges entre l'empereur brésilien Dom Pedro II et les chercheurs João Baptista de Lacerda, Louis Couty et Alfred Vulpian qui ont beaucoup contribué au développement scientifique brésilien. Vulpian a découvert que le curare n'affecte pas le nerf lui-même, mais agit entre celui-ci et le muscle, par l'intermédiaire d'une « substance de liaison ¼ ­ ce concept développé par Vulpian est souvent attribué à tort à Claude Bernard. Les travaux pionniers de ces savants prestigieux ont ultérieurement abouti à la préparation d'extrait purifié de curare, d'intérêt thérapeutique majeur pour le traitement de convulsions et pour l'anesthésie.

Chemical composition, antifungal activity, antibiofilm and citotoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus deliciosa tenore.

The leaves of Citrus deliciosa Tenore were collected in southern Brazil, dried, and subjected to the hydrodistillation process to obtain the essential oil. The extraction of essential oil yielded 0.97% ± 0.04. The chromatographic profile of this compound revealed 11 substances, being methyl N-methyl-anthranilate (75.1%), γ-terpinene (13.8%), and Limonene (7%) as major substances. The essential oil shows antifungal action against all tested yeasts, with promising action against Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, and Trichosporon asahii. This compound was also able to inhibit the biofilm production of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and T. asahii. The essential oil of tangerine showed weak antioxidant action. It did not show cytotoxicity in human mononuclear cells. It is hoped that these results may guide future studies for the production of formulations that can be used in the treatment of biofilms caused by yeasts, as well as in candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and/or trichosporonosis.

An eosimiid primate of South Asian affinities in the Paleogene of Western Amazonia and the origin of New World monkeys.

Recent fossil discoveries in Western Amazonia revealed that two distinct anthropoid primate clades of African origin colonized South America near the Eocene/Oligocene transition (ca. 34 Ma). Here, we describe a diminutive fossil primate from Brazilian Amazonia and suggest that, surprisingly, a third clade of anthropoids was involved in the Paleogene colonization of South America by primates. This new taxon, Ashaninkacebus simpsoni gen. et sp. nov., has strong dental affinities with Asian African stem anthropoids: the Eosimiiformes. Morphology-based phylogenetic analyses of early Old World anthropoids and extinct and extant New World monkeys (platyrrhines) support relationships of both Ashaninkacebus and Amamria (late middle Eocene, North Africa) to the South Asian Eosimiidae. Afro-Arabia, then a mega island, played the role of a biogeographic stopover between South Asia and South America for anthropoid primates and hystricognathous rodents. The earliest primates from South America bear little adaptive resemblance to later Oligocene-early Miocene platyrrhine monkeys, and the scarcity of available paleontological data precludes elucidating firmly their affinities with or within Platyrrhini. Nonetheless, these data shed light on some of their life history traits, revealing a particularly small body size and a diet consisting primarily of insects and possibly fruit, which would have increased their chances of survival on a natural floating island during this extraordinary over-water trip to South America from Africa. Divergence-time estimates between Old and New World taxa indicate that the transatlantic dispersal(s) could source in the intense flooding events associated with the late middle Eocene climatic optimum (ca. 40.5 Ma) in Western Africa.

A new model based on artificial intelligence to screening preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to create a new screening for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) based on artificial intelligence (AI). METHODS: This study included 524 singleton pregnancies from 18th to 24th-week gestation after transvaginal ultrasound cervical length (CL) analyzes for screening sPTB < 35 weeks. AI model was created based on the stacking-based ensemble learning method (SBELM) by the neural network, gathering CL < 25 mm, multivariate unadjusted logistic regression (LR), and the best AI algorithm. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve to predict sPTB < 35 weeks and area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive positive and negative values were performed to evaluate CL < 25 mm, LR, the best algorithms of AI and SBELM. RESULTS: The most relevant variables presented by LR were cervical funneling, index straight CL/internal angle inside the cervix (≤ 0.200), previous PTB < 37 weeks, previous curettage, no antibiotic treatment during pregnancy, and weight (≤ 58 kg), no smoking, and CL < 30.9 mm. Fixing 10% of false positive rate, CL < 25 mm and SBELM present, respectively: AUC of 0.318 and 0.808; sensitivity of 33.3% and 47,3%; specificity of 91.8 and 92.8%; positive predictive value of 23.1 and 32.7%; negative predictive value of 94.9 and 96.0%. This machine learning presented high statistical significance when compared to CL < 25 mm after T-test (p < .00001). CONCLUSION: AI applied to clinical and ultrasonographic variables could be a viable option for screening of sPTB < 35 weeks, improving the performance of short cervix, with a low false-positive rate.

Neurophysiology in between the interests of Dom Pedro II of Brazil, and Charles Brown-Séquard (Historical Note) / Neurofisiologia entre os interesses de Dom Pedro II do Brasil e Charles Brown-Séquard (Nota Histórica)

This article presents our historical research regarding Charles Brown-Séquard, a famous scientist with important contributions to the medical field, in particular for neurology, and endocrinology, and his relationship with Dom Pedro II, the second and last Brazilian Emperor, and an enlightened ruler. The Emperor contacted several illustrious personages in support of State policy, such as for the development of experimental physiology at the Imperial Museum of Natural History, but also for personal purposes given his health problems and those of the Empress. Charles Brown-Séquard and his pilgrimage between different worlds as a physician and physiologist are presented until his definitive establishment in Paris, where he replaces Claude Bernard in the chair of experimental medicine at the Collège de France. Jacques-Arsene d'Arsonval took over after this chair, and together with Brown-Séquard, he electrophysiologically examined the Emperor's diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this article, the Emperor´s relationship with Brown-Séquard was studied mainly from the correspondence sent to Dom Pedro II and retrieved from the Imperial Museum in Petrópolis, Brazil, and from the accounts of his meetings that included scientific sessions and clinical consultations. This article can be used to understand the progress of knowledge in the field of neurology/clinical neurophysiology, the tracking of emerging ideas in the field of science in the past and the threat to the credibility of researchers.

Este artigo apresenta nossa pesquisa histórica a respeito de Charles Brown-Séquard, famoso cientista com importantes contribuições para a área médica, em especial para a neurologia e endocrinologia, e sua relação com Dom Pedro II, segundo e último Imperador brasileiro, e governante esclarecido. O Imperador contactou várias personalidades ilustres no apoio à política de Estado, como para o desenvolvimento da fisiologia experimental no Museu Imperial de História Natural, mas também para fins pessoais dados os seus problemas de saúde e os da Imperatriz. Charles Brown-Séquard e sua peregrinação entre diferentes mundos como médico e fisiologista são apresentados até seu estabelecimento definitivo em Paris, onde substitui Claude Bernard na cadeira de medicina experimental no Collège de France. Jacques-Arsene d'Arsonval assumiu após esta cadeira e, juntamente com Brown-Séquard, examinou eletrofisiologicamente a neuropatia periférica diabética do imperador. Neste artigo, a relação do Imperador com BrownSéquard foi estudada principalmente a partir da correspondência enviada a Dom Pedro II e recuperada no Museu Imperial de Petrópolis, Brasil, e dos relatos de seus encontros que incluíam sessões científicas e consultas clínicas . Este artigo pode ser usado para entender o progresso do conhecimento no campo da neurologia/neurofisiologia clínica, o rastreamento de ideias emergentes no campo da ciência no passado e a ameaça à credibilidade dos pesquisadores.

A U.S. National Study of Family Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the lives of children and their caregivers. Recent research has examined the impact of the pandemic on child and caregiver functioning but there is a paucity of work examining the impact of the pandemic on the broader family system. The current study examined family resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic across three aims: Aim 1 tested whether meaning, control, and emotion systems form a unitary family adaption factor, Aim 2 evaluated a concurrent model of family resilience, and Aim 3 examined whether parent gender and vaccination status moderated paths in the final model. A nationally representative sample of U.S. parents (N = 796; 51.8% fathers, M age = 38.87 years, 60.3% Non-Hispanic White) completed a cross-sectional survey about themselves and one child (5-16 years old) between February-April 2021, including measures of COVID-19 family risk and protective factors, pre-existing family health vulnerabilities, race, COVID-19 stressors, and family adaptation. Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated that the meaning (i.e., family making meaning of COVID-19), control (i.e., stability in routines), and emotional (i.e., family support) facets of family adaptation are unique but related. A path model revealed that there were concurrent effects from COVID-19 exposure, pre-existing vulnerabilities, and racial diversity status to the family protective, vulnerability, and adaptation variables. Additionally, parent COVID-19 vaccination status altered the association between pre-existing family health vulnerabilities and the family protective factor. Overall, results underscore the importance of examining pre-existing and concurrent risk and protective factors for family resilience during a stressful, global, and far-reaching event.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, vaccination, and mental health: A national study among U.S. parents.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased mental health concerns among parents. Emerging studies have shown links between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and psychological distress, including among parents. The primary aim of this study was to extend these emerging findings by examining the role of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in mental health functioning in a national sample of U.S. parents, accounting for the effects of COVID-19 vaccination status and underlying medical conditions increasing COVID-19 risk. A nationally representative sample of U.S. parents (N = 796) completed a cross-sectional survey between February-April 2021, including measures of depressive, anxiety, and COVID-19 acute stress symptoms; COVID-19 vaccination status; underlying medical conditions increasing COVID-19 risk; and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The sample consisted of 51.8% fathers, Mage=38.87 years, 60.3% Non-Hispanic white, 18.1% Hispanic/Latinx, 13.2% Non-Hispanic Black/African American, 5.7% Asian, and 2.8% Other Race. Hierarchical regression models adjusted for demographic covariates revealed that greater COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and presence of an underlying medical condition were consistently associated with higher levels of depressive, anxiety, and COVID-19 acute stress symptoms among parents. Having had at least one COVID-19 vaccination dose was associated with greater levels of COVID-19 acute stress, but was not associated with depressive or anxiety symptoms. Results add new evidence from the U.S. in support of the link between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and psychological distress, point to the potential utility of behavioral health care workers in helping reduce vaccine hesitancy, and provide tentative data suggesting that COVID-19 vaccination for parents alone may not have provided mental health relief.

The First Report of In Vitro Antifungal and Antibiofilm Photodynamic Activity of Tetra-Cationic Porphyrins Containing Pt(II) Complexes against Candida albicans for Onychomycosis Treatment.

Onychomycosis is a prevalent nail fungal infection, and Candida albicans is one of the most common microorganisms associated with it. One alternative therapy to the conventional treatment of onychomycosis is antimicrobial photoinactivation. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the in vitro activity of cationic porphyrins with platinum(II) complexes 4PtTPyP and 3PtTPyP against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of porphyrins and reactive oxygen species was evaluated by broth microdilution. The yeast eradication time was evaluated using a time-kill assay, and a checkerboard assay assessed the synergism in combination with commercial treatments. In vitro biofilm formation and destruction were observed using the crystal violet technique. The morphology of the samples was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, and the MTT technique was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the studied porphyrins in keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines. The porphyrin 3PtTPyP showed excellent in vitro antifungal activity against the tested C. albicans strains. After white-light irradiation, 3PtTPyP eradicated fungal growth in 30 and 60 min. The possible mechanism of action was mixed by ROS generation, and the combined treatment with commercial drugs was indifferent. The 3PtTPyP significantly reduced the preformed biofilm in vitro. Lastly, the atomic force microscopy showed cellular damage in the tested samples, and 3PtTPyP did not show cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. We conclude that 3PtTPyP is an excellent photosensitizer with promising in vitro results against C. albicans strains.

Testing an integrated dimensional model of adverse childhood experiences: Associations with COVID-19 outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a salient risk factor for a myriad of negative outcomes. Extant theoretical and empirical models traditionally quantify the impact of ACEs using cumulative representations. Recent conceptualizations challenge this framework and theorize that the types of ACEs children are exposed to differentially impacts their future functioning. OBJECTIVE: The current study tested an integrated ACEs model using parent-report of child ACEs across four aims: (1) characterize heterogeneity in child ACEs using a latent class analysis (LCA); (2) examine mean level class differences in COVID specific and COVID non-specific environmental factors (i.e., COVID impact, ineffective parenting, effective parenting) and internalizing and externalizing problems during the COVID pandemic; (3) test interactions between COVID impact and ACEs classes in predicting outcomes, and (4) compare a cumulative risk approach to a class membership approach. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A nationally representative sample of U.S. parents (N = 796; 51.8 % fathers, M age = 38.87 years, 60.3 % Non-Hispanic White) completed a cross-sectional survey about themselves and one child (5-16 years old) between February-April 2021. METHOD: Measures of child's ACEs history, COVID impact, effective and ineffective parenting, and children's internalizing and externalizing problems were completed by parents. RESULTS: A LCA demonstrated three distinct classes of ACEs reflecting low-risk, trauma-risk, and environmental-risk classes. In general, the trauma-risk class had more negative COVID-19 outcomes than the other classes (small to large effect sizes). CONCLUSIONS: The classes differentially related to outcomes, providing support for dimensions of ACEs and emphasizing the distinct types of ACEs.

Antimicrobial photodynamic in vitro inactivation of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. strains using tetra-cationic platinum(II) porphyrins.

This manuscript presents the first report on antimicrobial photo-inactivation in vitro using tetra-cationic porphyrins with peripheral platinum(II) bipyridyl complexes against Gram-positive bacteria. Two isomeric tetra-cationic porphyrins (3TPyP and 4TPyP) were tested against clinically important bacterial species. The antimicrobial activity assays were performed at specific photosensitizer (PS) concentrations under dark and white-light LED irradiation conditions for 120 min. The porphyrin 3-PtTPyP was the most efficient PS against the bacteria tested, inhibiting bacterial growth in just 15 min and 30 min at low concentrations (3.75 and 0.45 µM). The minimal inhibitory concentration of the porphyrin increased in the presence of reactive oxygen species scavengers, indicating that singlet oxygen and radical species likely participated in the photo-oxidation mechanism. In addition, the checkerboard assay that tests the association of compounds, showed a synergistic effect, suggesting a potentiation of the antibacterial effect when porphyrin was tested in combination with ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Thus, tetra-cationic porphyrins containing platinum(II) complexes are promising agents for microbial photo-inactivation as an alternative therapy against infections.

Characterisation of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence amongst children and adolescents in North Carolina.

Few prospective studies have documented the seropositivity among those children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. From 2 April 2021 to 24 June 2021, we prospectively enrolled children between the ages of 2 and 17 years at three North Carolina healthcare systems. Participants received at least four at-home serological tests detecting the presence of antibodies against, but not differentiating between, the nucleocapsid or spike antigen. A total of 1,058 participants were enrolled in the study, completing 2,709 tests between 1 May 2021 and 31 October 2021. Using multilevel regression with poststratification techniques and considering our assay sensitivity and sensitivity, we estimated that the seroprevalence of infection-induced antibodies among unvaccinated children and adolescents aged 2-17 years in North Carolina increased from 15.2% (95% credible interval, CrI 9.0-22.0) in May 2021 to 54.1% (95% CrI 46.7-61.1) by October 2021, indicating an average infection-to-reported-case ratio of 5. A rapid rise in seropositivity was most pronounced in those unvaccinated children aged 12-17 years, based on our estimates. This study underlines the utility of serial, serological testing to inform a broader understanding of the regional immune landscape and spread of infection.

A framework for real-time monitoring, analysis and adaptive sampling of viral amplicon nanopore sequencing.

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demonstrates the utility of real-time sequence analysis in monitoring and surveillance of pathogens. However, cost-effective sequencing requires that samples be PCR amplified and multiplexed via barcoding onto a single flow cell, resulting in challenges with maximising and balancing coverage for each sample. To address this, we developed a real-time analysis pipeline to maximise flow cell performance and optimise sequencing time and costs for any amplicon based sequencing. We extended our nanopore analysis platform MinoTour to incorporate ARTIC network bioinformatics analysis pipelines. MinoTour predicts which samples will reach sufficient coverage for downstream analysis and runs the ARTIC networks Medaka pipeline once sufficient coverage has been reached. We show that stopping a viral sequencing run earlier, at the point that sufficient data has become available, has no negative effect on subsequent down-stream analysis. A separate tool, SwordFish, is used to automate adaptive sampling on Nanopore sequencers during the sequencing run. This enables normalisation of coverage both within (amplicons) and between samples (barcodes) on barcoded sequencing runs. We show that this process enriches under-represented samples and amplicons in a library as well as reducing the time taken to obtain complete genomes without affecting the consensus sequence.